He offers stimulating accounts of such things as the activities of Eisenhower's minister Edward Elson, secret diplomatic negotiations with the Vatican and other anti-communist religious leaders in Europe, and the role of former China missionaries in US politics (for example, J. However, against this background, Inboden does a good job of mining the historical archives for details of his story that have been unknown or underappreciated. Moreover, his argument dovetails with longstanding efforts by religious neoconservatives to valorize the more anti-communist and pro-imperial aspects of this discourse and carry forward the idea that a central divide falls between secularism and "godless" communism, on one side, and spiritually-grounded democracy on the other. As an intervention into patterns of scholarly interpretation, Inboden adds relatively little to longstanding common sense about the prevalence of "God and country" civil religious discourse in the 1940s and 1950s. The state punishes the offenders severely for their crimes so that, the benefit of the crime become lower than the cost.William Inboden's Religion and American Foreign Policy is a noteworthy contribution to scholarship on religion and politics during the Cold War era. Proponent of specific deterrence believe that, severe punishment for deviance may stop the offenders in future to commit crimes. Punishment for the deviant behavior is carried out for the purpose that the offender does not commit the crime in future. Specific deterrence is designed to punish the offenders for their deviant behavior. Such severe punishment are carried out by the state, to make general public aware and witness the infliction of pain upon the people who violate the state laws.
To make them aware of the punishment for breaking the law. Once hanging in public was carried out in UK and USA and the family members of the offenders were allowed to watch the punishment. In Afghanistan during the Taliban regime adultery was punishable by lapidation or stoning. Saudi Arabia is the best example of corporal punishment, if an individual is caught stealing the state maim his hands. The physical pain inflicted upon the offender is known as corporal punishment. The example of general deterrence is corporal punishment which include, maiming, lashing and hanging.
Such action creates fear in general population that, if they violate the law of state there would be serious consequences for their actions. Which is helpful for the state to prevent crimes in general public. The state punishes offenders to send a message to general public that, committing crime has serious consequences. General deterrence are for the general public who are not involve in any crime. There are two type of deterrence, which are as follow, general deterrence and specific deterrence. They involve in deviance after making sure that, the benefit of deviance is greater than conformity and the cost of deviance is lower compare to reward. Deterrence theory provides a broader picture of deviance, which suggests that, an individual’s commit crime after evaluating benefits and consequences of the deviant behavior. As differential association theory explains how environment or social setting can influence an individual to commit crimes.
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